Method of and apparatus for granu



Nov. 22, 1938. H. E. CRAVENJRU ET AL 2,137,931

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR GRANULATING PORCELAIN ENAMEL AND THE LIKEFiled June 9, 1936 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Nov. 22, 1938. H. E.- CRAVEN, JR.,ET AL r 2,137,931

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR GRANULATING PORCELAIN ENAMEL AND THE LIKEFiled June 9, 1936 2 SheetsSheet 2 Patented Nov. 22, 1938 PATENT OFFICEMETHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR GRANU- LATING PORCELAIN ENAMEL AND THE LIKEHenry E. Craven, Jr., Baltimore, and Frederick K. Knudsen, Govans, Md.,

assignors to The Porcelain Enamel & Manufacturing Company of Baltimore,Baltimore, Md.,

Maryland in. corporation of Application June 9, 1936, Serial No. 84,382

6 Claims.

The present invention relates to the quenching of molten materials toshatter them, and more particularly to the quenching of vitreous-formingmaterial, such as porcelain enamel.

The object of quenching molten enamel is to produce particlessufliciently shattered for easy grinding. Heretofore, usually, themolten enamel has been quenched'by allowing it to run from the smeltingfurnace into a perforated metal basket or car suspended in a pit ortrough of water. The molten enamel or glass, upon being brought incontact with thewater, is chilled, thereby causing the solidified enamelglass or frit to break into discrete particles, ranging in size fromabout one-quarter of an inch to fine powders. If the glass is notproperly quenched, large hard lumps of unshattered glass form in thetank. The larger particles are undesirable and are removed from thefrit, after drying, by screening.

In the quenching step, the initial portion of the charge falls theentire distance through relatively cold water to the bottom of the car.As the car fills, the distance of fall of the solidified enamel or frltaccordingly diminishes, and the severity of the quenching action isautomatically reduced.

Simultaneously, the water in the quenching car becomes more and moreheated until steam is generated around the molten glass, preventing byits outward rush, the proper immersion of the glass in the quenchingwater and resulting in the formation of large hard lumps, as abovedescribed. As a result, the frit from the top of the car is not exposedto a quenching action of identical severity with that in the bottom ofthe car, and there is thereby produced a product of non-uniform physicaland/or chemical properties. In an eiTort to overcome this difficulty, astream of water has been introduced into the top of the car with thestream of molten enamel. Since the incoming.

water is introduced into the car, together with the molten material, thewater is in a highly heated state by the time it reaches the car andflows out through the perforations in the top sides thereof. In thismanner, it has very little cooling eeffct upon the water already in thecar. During the final stages of the pour, large lumps of glass form andit is necessary to break these by hand in the car. This is an expensiveand inefficient method and is conducive to contamination of thematerials by metal from the stirring rods.

A further defect in the present method lies in the quenching pits. Inorder that the quenching cars may be manipulated therein, it isnecessary that these pits be large, holding one thousand (1000) or moregallons of water. The excess water introduced during quenching isremoved through overflow pipes at the end of the pits. Since thisoverflow comprises chiefly the heated water flowing from the top of thequenching car,

it is obvious that there is very little change in the actual pit water,since it does not come in contact with the molten glass and is notheated. As a result, soluble salts dissolved from the enamel glasses anddrained into the pits from the cars as they are removed, tend to buildup, and these, in time, will affect the enamels being quenched.

The prior art method is further defective in that the stream of moltenmaterial falls through the air for a considerable distance between thefurnace discharge lip and the quenching tank. During the fall, thesurface of said stream of material is cooled and of greatly increasedviscosity. Consequently, upon the immersion of the stream of moltenmaterial into the quenching medium, this skin of highly viscous materialis resistant to the shattering action of the quenching medium andretards the penetration of the medium to the central portion 01' thestream. If the quenching car be well filled and the distance of fall ofthe molten material through the quenching medium in consequence short,the center portion of the stream will not be properly quenched, but willsolidify in hard lumps and particles of widely differing consistencyfrom the material in the lower part 01' the car. In accordance with thepresent invention, a method and apparatus is provided for continuouslyremoving the frit so that, in general, substantially all the particlesof the frit will have the same distance of fall and will be subjected tothe same heat treatment.

From the above it is clear that the hard particles result from thefailure of the quenching medium to penetrate the fallen molten materialand entirely break it up before it cools. Generally stated, variation inthe conditions of quenching will produce large lumps and particles ofhard consistency. The large lumps cause excessive loss on the dryerscreen or passing the latter will be too hard for satisfactory grinding.The presence of such particles greatly increase the time of grinding anddecrease the eiliciency. Further,

the presence of hard particles in the enamel is particularlyundesirable, since it causes the production of enamels of variablecomposition and gives rise to hard particles and lumps on the surface ofthe enameled ware.

The present invention provides a suitably shaped vessel, preferably inthe form of a truncated cone or pyramid mounted in the quenching pit,under the furnace overflow lip or tapping the quenching medium spout inan inverted ameter end positioned position with the larger diiust abovethe surface of and'the bottom or lesser diameter end positioned lustabove a conveyor of any suitable type located on the pit floor so thatthe molten material in fallingthrough the vessel is guided onto theconveyor and continuously removed. The vessel is further provided at thetop with an outlet or overflow conduit which continuously removes theheated quenching medium from the top of the vessel and induces acontinuous flow of the medium in a direction countercurrent to thedirection of the falling molten and quenched material, removingdissolved substances, and the induced inflow at the bottom of the vesselassists in preventing the washing of the .frit out of the vessel andconveyor into the pit proper, giving a uniformly quenched material, freefrom large and/or hard lumps and adsorbed or entrapped soluble salts.

In accordance with the present invention, it is preferred to providepositive means for preventing fine frit material from being washed fromthe buckets of the frit removal device, which may be in the form of aconveyor. This may be accomplished by attaching a flexible sleeve or thelike to the bottom of the quenching vessel, said sleeve being adapted toextend into suicessive conveyor buckets as the buckets pass beneath thequenching vessel. This arrangement will insure that the material will bedeposited in the buckets well below the rim of the conveyor.

In order that the present invention may be clearly understood, it willbe described in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure l is a vertical transverse section of the quenching apparatus.

Figure 2 is a longitudinal vertical cross-section on the line 2--2 ofFigure 1.

Figure 3 is a vertical transverse section of a modified form ofquenching apparatus in which thermostatic means are provided to functionin connection with the cold water inlet to control the amount of coldwater fed to the quenching vessel.

Figure 4 is a cross sectional view taken on the line l--4 of Figure 3.

Figure 5 is a plan view of that form of the invention shown in Figure 3.

Figure 6 is a detail view of the overflow nipple.

Figure 7 is a side view partially in section showing the quenchingvessel synchronized with the discharge of a rotary smelter so that asthe smelter is tilted, the quenching vessel continues to move under thetapping lip of the smelter.

In the form of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 2, there is provideda truncated cone i suitably supported in any desirable manner in the pit2 having flowing therethrough in a direction counter-current to thefalling quenched material, a quenching medium I, which is usually water.The cone i is positioned in the pit 2 between the discharge lip ortapping spout 5 of the smelter 6, so as to trap the molten enamel faliissuing from the discharge lip, the enamel forming frit particles l asit strikes the water. The upper portion 8 of the cone extends slightlyabove the surface of the water. The cone is of sumcient height to give asuitable quenching action to the falling frit particles 1 under theconditions of countercurrent flow, as hereinafter set forth.

The base portion I of the cone l is sufficiently constricted to trap thefrit enamel, and guide it onto' a conveyor l0, shown as the bucket type,but which may be of any type, the conveyor functioning to remove thefrit from the cone base. The conveyor i is spaced from the base 9 of thecone just suiliciently to allow the flowing water to pass therebetweenand into the cone. The conveyor l0, preferably, although notnecessarily. discharges onto a conveyor ll. The cone adjacent its base 9may be provided, if desired, with water- I intake holes or perforationsIi.

Extending into the cone l adjacent its upper portion 8 is an exitconduit it having its lower end I! dipping below the water line.

A thermostatic valve it may be inserted in the exit pipe II. This valvefunctions to control the temperature of the outgoing water. when thetemperature of the outgoing water is too high, the valve opens andallows more water to leave the cone I.

In carrying out the invention in the apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2,the smelter B is tapped and the molten enamel passes over the dischargelip and falls in a stream 4 into the -water I flowing through the conei. The molten enamel 4 upon coming in contact with the water, becomeschilled and shatters in the form of frit of small particle size 7. Thewater in the upper portion of the cone i becomes heated due to itscontact with the molten enamel, and this heated water is pumped orsiphoned off through the exit conduit i3, thereby inducing an upwardcounter-- current flow of cold water from the bottom of the pit 2. Theincoming cold water passes between the bottom 9 of the cone I and theconveyor l0, and in one form of the invention, through the holes orperforations ii in the lower part of the cone I, the flow of water beingso regulated as to give a maximum quenching action without sucking thefine particles of frit into the exit conduit i3. Due to the combinedaction of the upward counter-current flow of the cold water through thecone l and the uniform fall of the frit I through the cone, the enamelfrit passing from the bottom 9 of the cone onto the conveyor III isuniformly quenched to a small particle size of uniform hardness, thuseliminating the variable particle size and the hard particles whichresult from the ordinary method of water quenching.

The continuous removal of the frit particles by the conveyor preventsaccumulation of the frit in the cone or pit and the removal of the waterthrough the exit pipe is prevents the accumulation of soluble salts inthe quenching water, and maintains a more nearly uniform temperature inthe quenching medium.

In the form of the invention shown in Figures 3 to 6 inclusive, there issubstituted for the cone l a truncated pyramid it having inclined sidewalls i1, i8, i9 and 20 provided with bottom edges i1, i8, i9 and 20'forming a base portion 2i. The upper portion of the vessel 16 extendsslightly above the surface of the water. Extending into the vessel It isan overflow outlet conduit 22pmvided with an adjustable nipple 23. Thelevel of the water in the vessel i6 may be adjusted by means of thisnipple.

A flexible extension member or sleeve i6a is attached to the bottom iiof the pyramid is, said extension member being adapted to extend intoand almostto the bottom of successive buckets Ilia of the conveyor IIIas the latter moves lengthwise of the pit. This prevents the washing offrit I from the buckets ifla by currents in the quenching medium 3,which may well occur if the bottom end II of the vessel l6 and thebuckets Illa are separated by an appreciable amount of space.

As the buckets pass under the quenching vessel It,

the flexible extension I 8a readily shifts its position to allow thefree passage of the buckets. This arrangement insures (1) the frit willbe deposited in the buckets well below the rim of the conveyor, (2) thatthe flow of frit between buckets will be reduced to a minimum, and (3)it will be exceedingly difllcult to wash material out of the conveyor asthe latter passes through the water in the pit.

Thermostatic means are provided to control the amount of colderquenching water entering the lower portion of the quenching bath, saidmeans being controlled by the temperature of the water in the upperportion of the quenching bath.

Suitably located without the pit is a water inlet conduit 24. Athermostatic regulator bulb 25 having a gas therein extends into the topportion of the quenching medium present in the vessel IS, the bulb 25being connected by a pipe 26 to the regulator 21 on inlet pipe 24, thelatter being provi ded with a diaphragm 28 operating a water valve 29.The inlet water passes through inlet pipes 30 and 3|, the latter beingpositioned, preferably, adjacent to the floor of the pit. The exit endof the pipe 3| is provided with a nipple 32. It is preferred that theexit nipple be positioned'directly under the conveyor l0.

It is preferred that the molten material 4 falling from the tappingspout 5 strike the quenching water 3 in the quenching vessel It in thecenter of the vessel.

As the temperature of the water of the quenching medium adjacent theoverflow 23 increases, the gas pressure in the bulb 25 rises and thisincreased gas pressure is communicated through conduit 26 to diaphragm28, springing the latter out and opening the valve 29 to increase theflow of cold water into the pit 2.

Since the only outlet for the overflow water is overflow conduit 22, theOpening 23 of which is located within the quenching vessel, as coldwater is introduced into the pit, the hydrostatic balance is disturbedand cold water flows into the buckets Illa around the extension member|6a and forces the heated water at the top of the quenching vessel outthrough the outlet nipple 23.

The presence of the flexible extension member l6a acts to constrict theopening into the quenching vessel l6 and generates an upward current,which also aids in preventing the passage of frit from the buckets intothe pit. The thermostatic valve 21 is so regulated that there willalways be some flow of fresh quenching medium into the pit.

The use of a thermostatic arrangement, such as set forth, or a similararrangement, which may be non-thermostatic, permits the maintenance ofthe quenching bath at its zone of contact with the molten material at asubstantially constant temperature.

The cone shown in Figures 1 and 2 may also be equipped with an extensionmember similar to the extension member lGa.

It will be at once evident to those skilled in the art of quenchingmolten materials that the proper functioning of the invention will be inno way limited to the type or design of inlet or outlet for thequenching medium used, their sole purpose being to maintain a continuousflow counter= current to the, falling quenched material of sumcientstrength and volume to maintain the desired temperature in the quenchingvessel. Thus, for example, the flow may be controlled by a thermostaticor other valve in the outlet conduit, as in Figures 1 and 2, where theflow is induced by meansof a pump or-syphon, or, as in Figures 3 to 5,where the outlet conduit may consist of an overflow pipe and the inflowis controlled. It will be apparent that the means of flow control may beeither manual or thermostatic, the latter, of course, being preferable.Further, it is apparent that the position of the inlet pipe in the pithas no direct bearing on the proper functioning of the invention,although it is evident that the positioning of the inlet conduit fairlyclose to the bottom of the vessel, thus providing a colder quenchingmedium for the vessel, may be more economical than a more distantlocation.

The present invention may be utilized in connection with a rotarysmelter. For example, using a one thousand (1000) pound rotary smelter33, the quenching vessel l or It may be mounted on a car synchronizedwith the discharge gear of the smelter and moved through the pit towardsthe smelter as the smelter approaches its extreme position. For example,the vessel I or IE and the conveyor III is mounted on a car frame 34.mounted on wheels 36 adapted to run on a track 36 on the pit edge.A'cable 31 is secured to the smelter 33 in the frame 34 at any suitablepoints, as at 38 and 39, respectively. The cable 31 passes over a pulley40.

As the smelter 33. is tilted upwardly, the cable 31 pulls the car frame34 and vessel i or iii under the smelter lip 5. The discharge end of theconveyor Ill is mounted on a slotted bar ll to allow the conveyor tomove as an entirety as the car frame 34 moves. A hand wheel 42 isattached to the pit wall and runs into the slot. The primary requirementof the apparatus is that the point 38 move in the vertical plane thesame distance the car 34 moves laterally through the water.

A one thousand (1000) pound charge is poured from the smelter into thevessel l or ii at the rate of approximately one hundred (100) to twohundred (200) pounds per minute, the conveyor speed and the upward flowof water through the vessel I or I 6 being regulated to give properquenching to the stream of molten'enamel. The conveyor is only actuatedand the water stream circulated while the furnace is being discharged.

When the apparatus is used with a reverbatory or so-called -box-type"smelting furnace, no movement of the cone during tapping will benecessary. In a furnace of the continuous smelter type, the vessel i or.16 is placed under the discharge lip and the conveyor is operated andthe water circulated continuously during the period the smelter is inoperation.

When using the cone I in connection with a continuous smelter, the conereceiving the discharge from the smelter at the rate of approximatelytwenty (20) to fifty (50) pounds per minute, the cone should,preferably, be thirty-.

six (36) inches high with a twenty-four (24) inch maximum diameter, andan eight (8) inch minimum diameter. The distance from thelip 5 of thesmelter to the top of the cone should be, preferably, about two (2)feet, and the fall through .the water should be preferably about three(3) feet. The temperature of the enamel flowing from the lip will varybetween approximately 1800 and 2200 F.

The quenching bath will be maintained at a maximum temperature mostfeasible for the production of satisfactory frit. v

Some of the factors which influence the maximum temperature at which itis desired to maintain the quenching bath are the viscosity of the,enamel, the temperature of the molten enamel.

the amount of enamel flowing through the quenching medium per unit oftime, and the heat transfer rate of the enamel. Broadly stated, thetemperature must be 'suflicient to produce a satisfactory product. ofuniform size and devoid of large and hard particles. It has been foundthat in each frit, there is a fairly definite temperature below which asatisfactory product having the characteristics specified will beobtained and above which a non-uniform improperly quenched product willresult.

For example, a white enamel smelted at a temperature ranging from 1900to 2000 F. may be properly quenched in a medium with a maximumtemperature of from 150 to 160 F'., while a ground coat enamel smeltedat temperatures 200 to 800 F. higher than the white enamel should bequenched in a medium whose maximum temperature lies in the neighborhoodof 120 F. It will be understood that the above examples are merely forpurposes of illustration and in no way limit the invention, since thequenching temperature of each product must be determined experimentallyfor that product, depending upon the characteristics thereof.

Under the conditions specified, when quenching a ground coat enamel thequenching-bath at its zone of contact with the molten material ismaintained at a temperature of approximately 150 F. It has beenascertained that to maintain a temperature of 150 F. at the surface ofthe quenching bath, it is necessary to pass approximately twenty gallonsof water per minute through the system. Here again, this figure isillustrative and is not by way of limitation.

The following shows the temperature of the feed water, and that of thewater in the pit, and the quenching cone at different levels.

Referring to Figure 3, the temperature of the pit water along andadjacent the line T-T' is about 50 F. The temperature of the water atthe top of the pit along the line TsTs is about 100 F. v

The quenching cone temperatures are as follows:

In the above example, it is to be noted that there is a difference of 40between the water surface in the cone, or truncated pyramid, and thewater entering the bottom of the device. The rise in temperature throughthe quenching cone will be gradual.

It may be pointed out that the control of the surface temperature, orthe temperature closely adjacent the surface of the quenching mediumpresent in the quenching vessel automatically gives proper quenching. v

It is desired to point out that the herein described method of andapparatus for quenching enamel may be used with any of the existingtypes of enamel smelting furnaces. Further, the method and apparatus maybe used for the quenching not only of glasses and porcelain enamel bodyfrits, but also for clinker from rotary cement kilns, pottery glazes,and wherever it is desirable to shatter or divide materialinto a producthaving as a result of quenching, uniform physical and chemicalcharacteristics.

ans-ass:

in accordance with the present invention,

there is provided a method of continuously quenching molten materialsincluding porcelain enamel and the solidified frlt resulting'from thecontact of the molten material with the quenching bath.

As the molten material falls through the bath, the quenching medium iscaused to flow cou'ntercurrently to the falling material, and is removedthrough an outlet conduit located in the top portion of the quenchingdevice while the quenched molten material is continuously removed fromthe bottom of the device, thus providing a material uniformly quenched.and free from hard lumps and particles and adsorbed or entrapped solublesalts.

-While it is desired to thermostatically maintain the temperature of thebath, other methods may be employed to control the volume of cold waterfed to the quenching bath, this volume being of such a quantity as tomaintain the optimum quenching temperature in the upper part of thequenching bath. The invention, therefore, in its broadest form, is notlimited to a method or apparatus using thermostatic means, although thisis preferred.

, Thermostatic means, or equivalent means, may be associated with eitherthe intake means for delivering cold water to the bath or exit means forthe hot quenching medium.

While a truncated pyramid or cone is the preferred shape for thequenching vessel, vessels of other shapes may be used, the vessel beingof such a shape or having associated with it a separate element which,in connection with the vessel; is adapted totrap the soliditledproduct.The quenching vessel may be made in various sizes and may receive morethan one stream of molten material, such asmolten porcelain enamel foruse in a rotary type smelter. However, in the preferred form of theinvention, the quenching vessel receives a single stream of moltenmaterial, or several streams which are positioned closely adjacent oneanother.

If desired, during the time the enamel is flowing from the lip I intothe quenching vessel l or it, the enamel may be bathed in combustiongases and the temperature of the enamelilmaintained. This is showndiagrammatically in Figure 1, wherein the stream 4 is enclosed inrefractory shield la. The gases of combustion pass from the smelter Iand protect the molten enamel 4 from the chilling influence of theoutside air. This enables the enamel to reach the quenching vessel at ahigher temperature than is now common practice. Further, the dischargeand quenching may take place inside of a completely enclosed furnacerather than outside, as is now the practice in all other types ofsmelters.

It may be pointed out that ordinarily when the enamel is allowed toleave the furnace at about 1900 F. a temperature drop of 200 or moreoccurs immediately upon the flow of the enamel into'the cold air. Thisincreases the viscosity of 'the enamel and makes proper quenchingdiflicult,

since the heavy stream becomes cold and sluggish. Therefore, the shockin entering the quenching medium or water is not so great and theshattering effect of the quenching action is not as pronounced oruniform as it might be. If the stream of molten material is bathed incombustion gases flowing from the furnace, the flowing enamel ismaintained at a temperature of around '1900' to 2000 F. until the verymoment the molten enamel is quenched. If the discharge 75 and quenchingarrangement is not enclosed in a furnace, there ,may be some excess ofoutside air which may somewhat decrease the temperature of thecombustion gases. However, even in thls case, the temperature of theflowing enamel stream 4 will be greatly increased. This control of thetemperature of the flowing enamel will assist in giving a more superiorproduct.

What is claimed is:-

1. The method oftreating molten porcelain enamel comprising feeding themolten enamel to a quenching bath, flowing the quenching bathcounter-currently in contact with the3 enamel, correlating the contacttemperature or the quenching medium with the viscosity, temperatureandheat-conductivity of. the enamel to-be quenched, and constantlymaintaining said quenching medium at its initial zone of contact withthe molten enamel substantially at said cor related temperature duringquenching to shatter the enamel and produce a frit ofsubstantiallyature-oi the quenching medium with the viscosity,temperature and heat-conductivity oi the enamel to be quenched, andconstantly maintaining said quenching medium at its initial zone ofcontact with the molten enamel substantially at said correlatedtemperature during quenching to shatter the enamel and produce a irlt ofsubstantially uniform particle size and composition.

3. The method of treating molten porcelain enamel comprising feeding themolten enamel to a quenching bath, flowing the quenching bathcounter-currently in contact with theenamel, correlating the contacttemperature of the quenching medium with the viscosity, temperature andheat-conductivity of the enamel to be quenched, constantly maintainingsaid quenching medium at its initial zone of contact with the moltenenamel substantially at said correlated temperature during quenching toshatter the enamel and produce a irit of substantially uniform particlesize, and composition, maintaining said quenched enamel in contact withthe quenching bath through a'unitorm distance of fall, and thereaftercontinuously removing said 4 to receive the molten'material and trap thelatter as it falls in a solidified state throu h the quenchior removingheated quenching medium from the top of the vessel, means for feedingcolder quenching medium to the pit adjacent the lower portion of thevessel, means in the pit adjacent to the bottom outlet of the quenchingvessel for ing medium flowing through said vessel, means continuouslyremoving solidified material from the quenching vessel, and valve meansfor controlling the inflow of the quenching medium to maintain the flowof quenching medium into the quenching vessel through the bottom openingunder a pressure permitting the material to settle from the bottom ofthe quenching vessel and onto the removal means while preventing thewashing of the material from the vessel and the removal means into thepit.

5. In a quenching apparatus adapted tovtreat molten material, a.quenching vessel in a pit having an outlet for quenched material open tothe pit and positioned to receive the molten material and trapthe-latter as it falls in a shattered state through the quenchingmedium, means for removing heated quenching medium from one portion ofsaid vessel, means for feeding colder quenching medium counter-currentlyto another portion thereof, means associated with one of said means tocontrolthe volume of cold quenching medium entering said vessel, meansin the pit adjacent the outlet of the quenching vessel for continuously'removing the solidified material from the quenching vessel, and means todirect the flow of material to said removal means and to prevent thewashing of solidified material from the removal means into the pit bythe motion of the removal means, said means including a flexible membersubstantially surrounding the outlet of the quenching vessel andextending into the removal means.

6. In a quenching apparatus adapted to treat molten material, aquenching vessel in a pit having an outlet 'for quenchedmaterial .opento the pit and positioned to receive the molten material and trap thelatter as it falls in a shattered state through the quenching medium,means for removing heated quenching medium from one portion of saidvessel, means for feeding colder quenching medium counter-currently toanother portion thereof, means associated with one of said means tocontrol the volume of cold quenching medium entering said vessel, aseries of buckets ior continuously removingthe solidified material fromthe quenching vessel, means for moving the buckets in communicativeconnection with the outlet for quenched material, means to preventwashing of said material fromthe buckets into the pit by the motion 01the buckets, said means comprising a flexible member substantiallysurrounding the outlet of thequenching vessel and extening into eachsuccessive bucket as the latter pass beneath the outlet of the quenchingvessel.

HENRY E. CRAVEN, JR. 7 FREDERICK K. KNUDSEN.

